What symptoms might family members notice in a patient diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI)?

The choice that describes listlessness, confusion, and fatigue accurately captures some of the common symptoms experienced by patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).

Listlessness indicates a lack of energy and enthusiasm, which can be a direct consequence of the body's inability to maintain proper metabolic and electrolyte balance during AKI. When kidneys are injured, their ability to filter waste and maintain homeostasis is compromised, leading to a general feeling of malaise or low energy.

Confusion can arise because AKI can cause an accumulation of toxins in the blood, including urea and creatinine. These toxins can affect neurological function, leading to cognitive disturbances. Family members may observe that the patient is not as alert or is showing signs of disorientation.

Fatigue is a common symptom as well, often stemming from the body’s struggle to cope with the underlying processes of kidney injury. The disruption in fluid and electrolyte balance can result in overall weakened physical condition, making patients feel more tired than usual.

This combination of symptoms is frequently observed in clinical settings and can help family members recognize the changes in their loved one's condition, prompting timely medical intervention.